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The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) commends the U.S. Department of the Treasury (Treasury) for releasing new proposed rules under the Tribal General Welfare Exclusion Act of 2014. These proposed regulations mark a critical step forward in recognizing and reinforcing Tribal Nations' sovereignty, allowing us to best meet the needs of our communities. For decades, NCAI has advocated for policies that honor this unique government-to-government relationship between Tribal Nations and the United States.

The proposed regulations, developed through extensive consultation with Tribal leaders, assert the primacy of Tribal prerogative. They uphold the principles of self-determination by recognizing that Tribal Nations are best equipped to meet their citizens' needs. By ensuring that vital funding for housing, education, and cultural preservation remains exempt from federal taxation, the rules enhance tribal governments' ability to serve their communities effectively and without unnecessary federal oversight, strengthening their capacity to fulfill their responsibilities.

Moreover, these proposed regulations demonstrate a profound respect for cultural diversity and preservation by empowering Native communities to define our cultural and ceremonial activities– a long-standing priority for NCAI. By acknowledging Tribal Nations’ authority to shape the scope and structure of our welfare programs, the Treasury affirms the importance of upholding tribal sovereignty.


NCAI urges leaders to actively participate in the ongoing consultation process to ensure the rules fully reflect the needs of Indian Country. Moving forward, NCAI remains committed to advocating for regulations that protect the intrinsic rights, economic opportunities, and cultural values of our Native communities.

Read the Treasury and IRS's press statement 

NCAI Statement on the U.S. Treasury's Proposed Tribal General Welfare Exclusion Rules


The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) strongly condemns the remarks made by Montana GOP Senate candidate Tim Sheehy, in which he used offensive language to stereotype Native people. Such harmful rhetoric has no place in public discourse, especially from those seeking elected office. These derogatory comments are a stark reminder of the persistent racism that Native communities continue to face.

For over 80 years, NCAI has stood at the forefront of advocating for justice and equality for Tribal Nations. The casual use of racist stereotypes not only degrades the dignity of Native people but perpetuates systemic issues of discrimination in areas such as healthcare, education, and justice. This kind of language undermines the work we do every day to protect tribal sovereignty, promote self-determination, and ensure the well-being of future generations.

We call on Mr. Sheehy to publicly retract and apologize for his remarks and to take meaningful steps to educate himself on the long and rich history of Native Peoples in Montana and across this country. We expect our elected leaders and those who seek public office to uphold the highest standards of respect and integrity, particularly when discussing historically marginalized communities.

NCAI remains committed to holding public officials accountable when they engage in rhetoric that seeks to divide rather than unify. We will not stand idly by while Native communities are targeted with racism and bigotry. We urge all Americans to join us in demanding accountability and respect for all Tribal Nations and to work towards a future where all voices are heard and valued equally.



For further information or inquiries, please contact ncaipress@ncai.org


NCAI Denounces Offensive Remarks by Montana Senate Candidate Tim Sheehy

“The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) strongly condemns the violence that occurred against former U.S. President Donald Trump. We extend our deepest condolences to those affected. Our ancestors have fought for and upheld the right to resolve differences through peaceful and rational discourse. It is through this legacy that we advocate for the use of rational dialogue and the democratic process, including the power of our vote, to address conflicts and shape our nation’s future.”

- Mark Macarro - President, National Congress of American Indians

Jantzen Hale, NCAI Media Relations Associate

NCAI Condemns Violence, Calls for Peaceful Resolution of Differences Through Democratic Processes


Jantzen Hale, National Congress of American Indians, 

Amy M. Echo-Hawk, Native American Rights Fund, 

WASHINGTON, D.C. | Today, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that the 1975 Indian Self-Determination Act (ISDA) mandates the Indian Health Service (IHS) to reimburse Tribal Nations for the expenditures of revenues collected from third-party payors such as Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurers. This ensures that Tribal Nation healthcare programs operate on equal footing with IHS-run programs, as intended by the ISDA. The Court consolidated 

 and held that the ISDA and the ISDA contracts require the Tribal Nations to collect revenues from third-party payors and spend that revenue to further their respective healthcare programs. As a result, the costs to Tribal Nations of spending these revenues on further healthcare services must also be eligible for contract support cost reimbursement from IHS.

“Today’s decision is a victory for tribal self-determination and tribal sovereignty,” said National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) President Mark Macarro. “This ruling ensures that Tribal Nations administering healthcare services to their citizens and communities do so with the full funding to which they are entitled under federal law and contracts with the Indian Health Service.”

John Echohawk, Executive Director of the Native American Rights Fund (NARF), agreed. “Congress passed the Indian Self-Determination Act with the purpose of empowering Tribal Nations and ensuring that tribally-run healthcare programs would be on equal footing with those run by the Indian Health Service. This decision honors the commitment Congress made to Tribal Nations’ rights to self-determination.”

affirm the Ninth and Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals’ wins by the tribes, making these victories applicable nationwide. Both Tribal Nations sued to ensure full contract support cost reimbursement from IHS related to the direct healthcare services they provide on their respective reservations. Today’s decision follows two previous rulings by the Court that under ISDA, Tribal Nations are eligible for contract support costs because they incur overhead and other costs to run their healthcare programs that IHS-run programs do not.

About the National Congress of American Indians:

Founded in 1944, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is the oldest, largest, and most representative American Indian and Alaska Native organization in the United States. NCAI advocates on behalf of tribal governments and communities, promoting strong tribal-federal government-to-government policies. NCAI promotes an understanding among the general public regarding American Indian and Alaska Native governments, people, and rights. For more information, visit 

NARF is a non-profit 501c(3) organization focused on applying existing laws and treaties to guarantee that federal and state governments live up to their legal obligations to Native Americans. Since 1970, the Native American Rights Fund (NARF) has provided specialized legal assistance to Indian tribes, organizations, and individuals nationwide to assert and defend the most important Native rights in hundreds of major cases. NARF has achieved significant results in critical areas such as tribal sovereignty, treaty rights, natural resource protection, voting rights, and Indian education. Like us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter @NDNrights to learn about the latest fights to promote justice and protect Native American rights. Visit 

In a Victory for Tribal Nations, Supreme Court Affirms that Federal Support for Tribally Run Healthcare Programs Must Be on Equal Footing with IHS Run Programs

The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) extends its condolences to the families and community members affected by the tragic shooting in the Gila River Indian Community.

“We are heartbroken to learn of this tragedy at the Gila River Indian Community,” said NCAI President Mark Macarro. “We extend our deepest condolences to the families of Officer Joshua Briese and the Gila River Indian Community member who were killed. This terrible loss is felt deeply across Indian Country, and we send our benevolent prayers to those injured for recovery and healing.”

NCAI Statement on Gila River Indian Community Tragedy

Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law at Arizona State University

 | Today, the American Indian Policy Institute (AIPI) at the Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law at Arizona State University and the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) announced the launch of the 

, the first and only center in the nation dedicated to providing tribal governments, leadership, and communities with the resources and support needed to establish a digital sovereignty plan. This groundbreaking partnership, revealed during the 

NCAI 2024 Mid Year Convention & Marketplace

, marks a significant milestone in supporting Tribal Nations in navigating the complexities of digital sovereignty.

"Tribal Digital Sovereignty includes both the information and the physical means by which it transfers— it is governance, it is economic, it is self-determination. We're looking forward to working with our partners at NCAI in serving Tribal Nations as we navigate this new platform together,” said Dr. Traci Morris, executive director of the American Indian Policy Institute and research professor at ASU Law. “With the launch of the center, Tribal Nations will have the resources they need to build their own individual proactive digital sovereignty plans.”

Digital sovereignty encompasses all aspects of a Tribal Nation's digital plan and footprint, such as Tribal codes, managing data protection, digital equity, network infrastructure, development of funding sources, and capacity building.

“Broadband and other communications technologies are the 21st Century platform for Tribal self-determination. The establishment of the Center for Tribal Digital Sovereignty is a major turning point,” said Geoffrey Blackwell, NCAI general counsel and chief of staff. “Tribal livelihood is either empowered or ignored every day by various technologies and the related laws and policies. We are excited to partner with ASU to empower Tribal Nations with the analysis, scholarship, advocacy, and resources needed to develop their digital environments and exercise their sovereign rights while embracing technological advancements.”

There is no single Tribal Digital Sovereignty plan that fits the unique needs of all 574 federally recognized Tribal Nations and no central resource network for managing their digital footprint. The Center for Tribal Digital Sovereignty will offer comprehensive expertise and a clearinghouse of information to support Tribal Nations in developing personalized digital sovereignty plans with long-term solutions.

"This is a landmark moment. Digital sovereignty is essential for advancing the priorities of Tribal Nations and their cultural integrity in the digital age," said NCAI President Mark Macarro. "This partnership represents a powerful alliance that will allow Tribal Nations to navigate and shape our futures with confidence and autonomy. The Center will also provide the basis for building a new coalition of trusted organizations with proven track records to provide additional services and support to Tribal Nations. This initiative offers us the necessary tools and knowledge to secure our digital self-determination and ensure that our sovereignty is respected.”

The Center for Tribal Digital Sovereignty provides research and scholarship, capacity-building support, and will form a coalition of expert community-serving organizations with long histories of working in this space, creating a gravitas of service as an open-source information resource and clearinghouse for Tribal Nations on Tribal Digital Sovereignty planning. With initial seed funding from the Ford Foundation and Google.org, the Center for Tribal Digital Sovereignty will form a coalition of organizations and entities that have been invited through a review process. Membership in the coalition will be determined based on alignment with the core values of the American Indian Policy Institute and the National Congress of American Indians – which are to serve Tribal Nations, advance Tribal sovereignty, and remain neutral with regard to Tribal network and technology choices.

“At ASU Law, we're excited to amplify the work of the American Indian Policy Institute and the National Congress of American Indians as we launch the Center for Tribal Digital Sovereignty,” said ASU Law Willard H. Pedrick Dean and Regents Professor of Law Stacy Leeds. “This initiative not only exemplifies our commitment to supporting Indigenous communities but also underscores our belief in the power of collaboration to drive meaningful change. Together, we're forging a path forward that empowers Tribal Nations to navigate the digital frontier with confidence, ensuring their sovereignty and cultural integrity endure and thrive in the digital age.”

The Center will serve as the coalition’s administrative hub and central point of contact, in addition to providing advocacy support and service to Indian Country that is free and accurate, convening coalitions and hosting conferences. The coalition will include Tribal organizations, policymakers, researchers, educators, and leaders with long-term engagement in Tribal digital sovereignty-related matters. NCAI's involvement will include advancing policies through its 80 years of advocacy, providing foundational funding, and developing sustainable funding models.

To further bolster its mission and impact, the Center is actively seeking support from foundations and partners committed to advancing Tribal sovereignty and digital equity. Interested philanthropic partners are invited to reach out to the NCAI Foundation or the ASU Foundation.

About the National Congress of American Indians

About the American Indian Policy Institute

The American Indian Policy Institute (AIPI) is an Indigenous-led and staffed research institute at the Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law at Arizona State University whose work supports Tribal communities and Indigenous peoples nationwide. We do this by creating academic research focused on key issues in Indian Country, by analyzing and developing policy research and recommendations on those issues, and by building capacity within an ecosystem of lifelong learning. AIPI’s research expertise and focus are substantively on broadband technology and digital equity, with expertise in tribal telecommunications, communications policy, and newly emerging systems as they impact sovereign Tribal nations.

About the Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law at Arizona State University

The Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University is a leading institution at the forefront of legal education, research and service. Located in Phoenix, Los Angeles and Washington, D.C., ASU Law provides a dynamic learning environment enriched by its proximity to legal, governmental and business communities. With a commitment to innovation and inclusivity, ASU Law offers a diverse range of degree programs, including the Juris Doctor, Master of Laws, Master of Legal Studies, and Master of Sports, Law and Business. ASU Law is dedicated to creating the next generation of legal professionals. Honoring the legacy of Justice Sandra Day O’Connor and charged with upholding her namesake, graduates are well-prepared to shape all aspects of the legal field from public service to private practice, to fields that work in and around the law. For more information, visit 

American Indian Policy Institute and National Congress of American Indians launch the Center for Tribal Digital Sovereignty 

On Wednesday, March 6, 2024, the U.S. House of Representatives passed six appropriations bills, and today, March 8, 2024, the U.S. Senate followed suit. The appropriations bills passed were:

Agriculture, Rural, Development, Food and Drug Administration and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2024

Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2024

Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2024

Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2024

Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2024

Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2024

The six bills will now go to the President’s desk to be signed into law, while Congress will turn its attention to funding the remaining aspects of the federal government before current funding expires on March 22, 2024.


In the upcoming weeks, NCAI will provide additional analysis of all 12 appropriations bills as well as the President’s Fiscal Year (FY) 2025 Budget. Below is a brief summary of some of the wins and losses for Indian Country that came out of this week’s legislation:

House, Senate Pass Six Appropriations Bills and Partially Fund the Government— Indian Country Programs See Both Increases and Cuts

Jantzen Hale, National Congress of American Indians,


Mauda Moran, Native American Rights Fund, 

On April 12, 2024, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), represented by the Native American Rights Fund (NARF), 

filed an amicus brief supporting the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes

Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation v. United States Department of the Interior

 in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The brief emphasizes the importance of the trust relationship between Tribal Nations and the United States, which requires the federal government to act in good faith and fully honor its promises to Tribal Nations.

“The Shoshone-Bannock Tribes ceded vast tracts of their homelands to the United States, but they did so pursuant to an agreement that reserved crucial rights for the Tribal Nations and their citizens,” 

said NCAI Executive Director Larry Wright, Jr.

 “Congress ratified that agreement and defined limited ways that the land could be removed from their use. It is imperative that the United States honors its legal and moral obligations by upholding the terms of this agreement.”

“The Shoshone-Bannock Tribes have long fought to protect their homelands and their treaty rights,” 

. “NARF is proud to stand with them and to echo their call that the United States must respect the sovereign-to-sovereign trust relationship that exists between the government and all federally recognized Tribal Nations. The United States is not allowed to change or reinterpret the terms of federal law and its agreement with the Shoshone-Bannock just because it is convenient for them.”

The Shoshone-Bannock Tribes brought suit in 2020 to stop the federal government’s illegal exchange of their homelands. The Shoshone-Bannock’s right to use those lands is protected under an 1898 agreement and codified in law under what is known as the 1900 Act. In 2023, the U.S. District Court rightfully found that the federal government had failed to comply with federal law, including the 1900 Act, and breached its trust responsibilities to the Shoshone-Bannock.

The federal government and the J.R. Simplot Company, the business seeking to acquire the lands, appealed that decision to the Ninth Circuit Court in 2023.

About the National Congress of American Indians: 

About the Native American Rights Fund (NARF): 

NARF is a nonprofit 501c(3) organization focused on applying existing laws and treaties to guarantee that federal and state governments live up to their legal obligations to Native Americans. Since 1970, 

 has provided specialized legal assistance to Native American Tribal Nations, organizations, and individuals nationwide to assert and defend the most important Native rights. In hundreds of major cases. NARF has achieved significant results in critical areas such as tribal sovereignty, treaty rights, natural resource protection, voting rights, and Indian education. Like us 

 to learn about the latest fights to promote justice and protect Native American rights.

NCAI Supports Shoshone-Bannock Fight to Protect Treaty Rights and Homelands

On Friday, March 22, 2024, the U.S. House of Representatives passed six appropriations bills, with the U.S. Senate following suit shortly thereafter. The appropriations bills passed were:

Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2024

Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2024

Labor, Health and Human Services, Education and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2024

Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2024

State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2024

The six bills will now go to the President’s desk to be signed into law sometime this weekend.

In the upcoming weeks, NCAI will provide additional analysis of all 12 appropriations bills and the President’s Fiscal Year (FY) 2025 Budget. Below is a brief summary of some of the wins and losses for Indian Country that came out of this week’s legislation:

House, Senate Pass Remaining Six Appropriations Bills and Fund the Remainder of the Government—Many Indian Country Programs Flat Funded for FY2024

The NCAI 2024 Executive Council Winter Session Wrap-Up Report is Now Available!

Last month, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) brought together Tribal Nations from across the United States for the prestigious 2024 State of Indian Nations Address and its legislative conference, the 2024 Executive Council Winter Session (ECWS).

A standout moment of this year's conference was the 2024 State of Indian Nations address, delivered by newly elected NCAI President Mark Macarro. In his visionary speech, President Macarro outlined priorities aimed at advancing Tribal Nations' interests and strengthening nation-to-nation relationships with the United States. Throughout the week, tribal delegates also had the invaluable opportunity to hear from members of Congress and the Biden-Harris Administration, gaining insights into their strategies for addressing key challenges facing tribal communities. Read the Wrap-Up Report below to dive into the enriching discussions, impactful initiatives, and collaborative efforts that shaped this year’s ECWS.

 NCAI 2024 Executive Council Winter Session Wrap-Up Report Now Available!

Washington, D.C. | The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), the Native American Rights Fund (NARF), and the National Native American Bar Association (NNABA) celebrate the confirmation of Judge Sara Hill to serve on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma.

Judge Hill, who is a citizen of the Cherokee Nation, is the first Native American woman confirmed for a lifetime judicial appointment in the state. With Oklahoma home to 39 federally recognized Tribal Nations, her confirmation is not just a historic milestone but a meaningful step forward in ensuring the federal judiciary reflects the communities it serves. Further, as the only active Native American federal judge in Oklahoma, Judge Hill brings a critical perspective and deep knowledge of federal Indian law.

“NCAI applauds both President Biden’s nomination of Sara Hill, and the Senate’s confirmation of her as the first-ever Native American woman to sit on the federal bench in the state of Oklahoma,” said NCAI President Mark Macarro. “Judge Hill brings with her an unparalleled experience in law and policy to our justice system, including a depth of understanding of tribal sovereignty that is far too often lacking on the judicial bench.”

“Judge Hill’s extensive experience serving the Cherokee Nation provides a strong background for her work in the Northern District of Oklahoma,” said NARF Executive Director John Echohawk. “Her confirmation is an important and necessary milestone and serves as a reminder that continuing to increase Native representation at a federal level is needed.”

“Sara Hill exemplifies Native excellence and legal leadership through her success as a litigator, policy advocate, and senior tribal government official for the Cherokee Nation,” said NNABA President Makalika Naholowaa. “This is a truly historic confirmation. Ms. Hill will be only the 10th Native American Article III federal judge to ever serve in the judiciary throughout U.S. history. We are grateful to the Biden administration and senators who supported this historic nomination and confirmation. We look forward to following the honorable Judge Hill’s successful judicial career and representation of Native American women in the judiciary.”

NCAI, NARF, and NNABA extend heartfelt congratulations to Sara Hill on this momentous achievement. Her confirmation is a testament to her dedication and expertise, and it helps address the undeniable need for Native voices on the federal bench.

Founded in 1944, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is the oldest, largest, and most representative American Indian and Alaska Native organization in the United States. NCAI advocates on behalf of tribal governments and communities, promoting strong tribal-federal government-to-government policies. NCAI promotes an understanding among the general public regarding American Indian and Alaska Native governments, people, and rights. 

About the Native American Rights Fund (NARF):

About the National Native American Bar Association (NNABA):

The National Native American Bar Association was founded in 1973 to advance justice for all Native Americans and the inclusion of Native Americans in all aspects and levels of the legal profession. NNABA is the national professional trade association for Native American lawyers, including members from American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian communities and tribes across the United States. Learn more at 

Sara Hill's Confirmation to U.S. District Court Moves Forward Native American Representation in Oklahoma

Washington D.C. – NCAI is pleased to announce that the dispute with Dante Desiderio has been resolved. All look forward to moving past this matter and focusing on the needs of Indian Country.



Founded in 1944, the National Congress of American Indians is the oldest, largest, and most representative American Indian and Alaska Native organization in the country. NCAI advocates on behalf of tribal governments and communities, promoting strong tribal-federal government-to-government policies, and promoting a better understanding among the general public regarding American Indian and Alaska Native governments, people, and rights. For more information, visit www.ncai.org.

NCAI is pleased to announce that the dispute with Dante Desiderio has been resolved.  

In this episode of The Sentinel, we uncover the devastating effects that dams have on Indian Country. The construction and maintenance of dams cause flooding of sacred sites, displacement of people from their ancestral lands, and permanent disruption of the ecosystem and fish populations. These irreparable consequences result in the loss of traditional ways, vital resources, and quality of life in tribal communities. Join us and take a look back at the history of NCAI’s advocacy efforts against dam construction on tribal lands, which began shortly after the organization’s founding in 1944 and has continued through today. 

This episode also features an interview with Corrine Sams, elected Board of Trustees Member for the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation and Treasurer of the Columbia River Intertribal Fish Commission. Sams discusses recent progress in the Pacific Northwest as Tribal Nations defend their sovereignty and advocate for the removal of dams and restoration of salmon populations in the region. She also sheds light on the Biden administration’s recent report on the detrimental effects of dams in the Columbia River Basin, marking the first time the federal government has acknowledged the decades of harm tribal communities have endured. Listen now to learn more about the impacts of dams on Native people, the environment, and their intrinsic rights.

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